What creates bushfire risk?
Terrain (topography)
A fire will burn faster uphill. This is because the flames can easily reach more unburnt fuel in front of the fire.
For every 10˚ slope, the fire will double its speed. For example, if a fire is travelling at 5 km per hour along flat ground and it hits a 10˚ slope it will double in speed to 10 km per hour up the hill.
By increasing in speed the fire also increases in intensity, becoming even hotter.
The opposite applies to a fire travelling downhill. The flames reach less fuel, and less radiant heat pre-heats the fuel in front of the fire. For every 10˚ of downhill slope, the fire will halve its speed.
Fires tend to move more slowly as the slope decreases.
Vegetation (fuel)
- Grass can burn early and quickly on days of high fire-risk
- Branches, twigs and leaves dropped from shrubs and trees become fine fuels, which burn easily. These can give off far more heat when they burn
- Fibrous and dry tree bark can carry fire to treetops. The fire can then break away and spread further
- Dry branches, twigs and leaves and other fine fuels found on the ground can also burn easily.
Weather conditions
Bushfires are unpredictable and vary greatly according to weather conditions. They often start on hot, dry and windy days.
Temperature
A string of hot days dries out vegetation, making it easier to burn. This can be made even worse by underlying dry conditions.
The drier the vegetation the easier it will burn.
A bushfire spreads as a result of burning embers, radiant heat and direct flame contact.
Wind
Wind influences the:
- speed at which a fire spreads
- direction in which a fire travels and the size of the fire front
- intensity of a fire – wind provides more oxygen
- likelihood of spotting – burning pieces of leaves, twigs and bark (embers) that the wind carries ahead of the fire. These cause new ‘spot fires’ to ignite.
Wind change
A change in wind direction is one of the most dangerous influences on fire behaviour. Many people who die in bushfires get caught during or after a wind change.
In Victoria, hot, dry winds typically come from the north and northwest and are often followed by a southwest wind change. In this situation the side of the fire can quickly become a much larger fire front.
What is an ember attack?
- Embers are burning twigs, leaves and pieces of debris
- Ember attack occurs when twigs and leaves are carried by the wind and land on or around houses
- Ember attack is the most common way houses catch fire during bushfires
- Embers can land on top of debris in your gutters and set fire to your house
- Ember attack can happen before, during and after the bushfire.
